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11. Electron microscopy has enabled the fusion process to be visualised. The diagram superimposed upon the electron micrograph shows the viral structure: the nucleocapsid, viral proteins and reverse transcriptase. 

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12.Reverse transcriptase is a viral enzyme which plays a key role in viral replication: in a stepwise process, it synthesises a double stranded proviral DNA copy of the viral RNA. This process involves different functions of reverse 
transcriptase: synthesis of a first DNA strand (blue); twisting into a double helix (red); synthesis of the second DNA strand and RNA degradation (yellow). Many antiretroviral drugs are reverse transcriptase inhibitors, e.g. zidovudine, 3TC and nevirapine.
 
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13.Reverse transcriptase is involved in the production of a RNA-DNA double helix. A DNA copy of HIV RNA is synthesised using the viral RNA as a template. 

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14.Reverse transcriptase twists the RNA and DNA strands into a RNA-DNA double helix.

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15.Reverse transcriptase degrades the viral RNA part of the double helix. A second DNA strand is synthesised and combined with the original DNA strand to form a double helix. This double helix is called proviral DNA. 

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16.Enzymes, such as reverse transcriptase, cut the proviral DNA into the correct size. Other enzymes, such as integrase, transport the proviral DNA into the host cell nucleus. There it is integrated into the target cells' DNA. 

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17.The proviral DNA is integrated into the host cell genome by integrase. Viral messenger RNA (mRNA) is then synthesised, using the DNA as a template. Using this mRNA, the cell produces viral proteins. 

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18.New viral particles are synthesised within the cell. The nucleocapsid, including HIV RNA and reverse transcriptase, is assembled from different proteins. Digestion of a large polyprotein by enzymes known as proteases generates
the different viral proteins. Proteases are the target of a class of antiretroviral drugs known as protease inhibitors.
 
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19.After the nucleocapsid has been assembled the newly replicated virion leaves the cell by budding through the cell membrane. The virus acquires an envelope of host and viral proteins. 

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20.Electron microscopy has documented the process of the virion starting to bud from the cell. The outer envelope begins to form around the virion. 

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