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Scientific Publications

Boehringer Ingelheim offers an overview of scientific publications on the following pages. This overview represents all publications of the last three years (YTD) where employees of Boehringer Ingelheim worldwide were involved.

61 publications regarding Veterinary Medicine
  • Author:
    Gowan RA; Baral RM; Lingard AE; Catt MJ; Stansen W; Johnston L; Malik R
    Title:
    A retrospective analysis of the effects of meloxicam on the longevity of aged with and without overt chronic kidney disease.
    Source:
    J Feline Med Surg 14 (12), 876-881 (2012)
  • Author:
    McLaughlin CL; Stanisiewski E; Lucas MJ; Cornel CP; Watkins J; Bryson L; Tena JKS; Hallberg J; Chenault JR
    Title:
    Evaluation of two doses of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile suspension for treatment of metritis in lactating dairy cows.
    Source:
    J Dairy Sci 95 (8), 4363-4371 (2012)
    Abstract:
    The objectives of this study were to evaluate efficacy of a 2-dose regimen of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile suspension (CCFA-SS) for treatment of acute metritis in lactating dairy cows under field conditions and to provide additional safety and injection site tolerance data for injections at the base of the ear. Cows at 15 dairies with rectal temperature =39.5°C and fetid uterine discharge =10 d postcalving were randomly assigned by blocks of 2, based on order of entry and without regard to parity, to treatment with saline (1.5. mL/45.5. kg of body weight, n = 509) or CCFA-SS (6.6. mg of ceftiofur equivalents/kg of body weight, n = 514). Treatments were administered by subcutaneous injection in the posterior aspect of the ear where it attaches to the head; the first dose was administered on study d 0 and the second dose was administered in the contra lateral ear on study d 3. Rectal temperatures were recorded on study d 1 to 4 and 5 or 6 and cows were clinically evaluated daily from study d 1 to 13. Cows that exhibited increased adverse clinical signs of poor health or complications associated with metritis were categorized as a treatment failure and administered escape therapy. Each cow received a veterinary physical examination on study d 5 or 6 to determine if she should be removed from the study and on study d 14 to determine clinical cure or failure to cure. Clinical cure was defined as rectal temperature <39.5°C and non-fetid and purulent or mucopurulent discharge on study d 14 and no escape therapy administered. The injection procedure was scored after each injection (study d 0 and 3) and injection sites and ear carriage were scored on study d 5 or 6, 14, and 57 ± 3. Of the 1,023 cows enrolled, 7 were completely censored due to protocol deviations and 34 were removed for protocol deviations or medical conditions not related to metritis. Clinical cure rate was higher for CCFA-SS than for saline (74.3 vs. 55.3%) and rectal temperatures for each of study d 1 to 5 or 6 were lower for CCFA-SS than saline. Injection procedure indices showed that CCFA-SS could be practically and safely administered using commercial dairy facilities. Although injection site scores were higher for CCFA-SS than saline at study d 5 or 6 and 14, =98.6% of ears were normal on d 57 ± 3. Thus, a 2-dose treatment with CCFA-SS given 72. h apart increased metritis clinical cure rate and was well tolerated in dairy cows.
  • Author:
    Ingwersen W; Fox R; Cunningham G; Winhall M
    Title:
    Efficacy and safety of 3 versus 5 days of meloxicam as an analgesic for feline onychectomy and sterilization.
    Source:
    Can Vet J 53 (3), 257-264 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Three- or 5-day courses of meloxicam [0.2 mg/kg body weight (BW) subcutaneously pre- or postoperatively on Day 1 followed by 0.05 mg/kg BW, PO per day thereafter] were assessed for analgesic efficacy and safety in 50 client-owned cats undergoing onychectomy and sterilization. Primary outcome parameters were analgesia score, gait/lameness score, and need for rescue analgesia assessed at times 0, 1,4, 7, 24, 28, 35, 48, 52, 57 hours and on Day 5. Packed cell volume/total solids and serum biochemistry were assessed at time 0 and Days 3 and 5. There were no differences in efficacy and safety parameters regardless of the treatment protocol employed and no cat required rescue analgesia. The patients that received meloxicam preoperatively had statistically better gait/lameness scores than those that received meloxicam postoperatively, supporting the principle of preemptive analgesia.
  • Author:
    Goodell G M; Campbell J; Joejvang-Nielsen L; Stansen W; Constable P D
    Title:
    An alkalinizing oral rehydration solution containing lecithin-coated citrus fiber is superior to a nonalkalinizing solution in treating 360 calves with naturally acquired diarrhea
    Source:
    J Dairy Sci 95 (11), 6677-6686 (2012)
    Abstract:
    The aim of this field study was to compare the efficacy and cost of 2 commercially available oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solutions in treating dairy calves with naturally acquired diarrhea. A total of 1,349 newborn Holstein-Friesian calves were prospectively enrolled in the study. Calves were housed in individual hutches and fed a mixture of pasteurized hospital milk and an all-milk protein milk replacer twice per day. Calves were monitored twice each day from d 2 of life until 30. d of age for the presence or absence of diarrhea, and were assigned a fecal score and a hydration score at each examination. Calves that developed mild to severe diarrhea that did not need intravenous fluids and did not have clinical evidence of concurrent disease (n = 360) were assigned randomly to receive 1 of 2 commercial ORT solutions: a hypertonic alkalinizing ORT containing lecithin-coated citrus fibers (Diaque, group D, n = 180; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany), and an isotonic nonalkalinizing ORT (RE-SORB, group R, n = 180; Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) for 2 to 8. d; the duration of treatment depended on whether diarrhea was still present. No significant differences were observed in mortality rates or treatment failure rates between the 2 treatment groups. Fecal consistency returned to normal more quickly in group D calves than in group R calves; consequently, group D calves were treated for 1. d less than were group R calves. The increase in body weight after 4. d of treatment was larger in group D than in group R. The average daily gain from birth to weaning in calves that did not develop concurrent disease (such as pneumonia) during the study period tended to be higher in group D calves (0.53 ± 0.11. kg/d) than in group R calves (0.51 ± 0.09. kg/d). The smaller number of treatments at a lower cost per treatment produced a cost advantage of $4.82 per treated calf in group D calves compared with group R calves. Our findings support the concept that milk should continue to be fed to diarrheic calves that are being administered an ORT solution in order to maintain growth. © 2012 American Dairy Science Association.
  • Author:
    Hoenig M; Pach N; Thomaseth K; De Vries F; Ferguson DC
    Title:
    Evaluation of long-term glucose homeostasis in lean and obese cats by use of continuous glucose monitoring.
    Source:
    Am J Vet Res 73 (7), 1100-1106 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Objective-To evaluate intraday and interday variations in glucose concentrations in cats and to test the utility of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Animals-6 lean and 8 long-term (> 5 years) obese cats. Procedures-Blood glucose concentrations were measured during the course of 156 hours by use of a laboratory hexokinase-based reference method and a handheld glucometer. Interstitial glucose concentrations were evaluated with a CGMS. Results-Paired measures of glucose concentrations obtained with the CGMS typically were marginally higher than concentrations for the reference method and less biased than concentrations obtained with the glucometer. This was partially confirmed by the concordance correlation coefficients of the concentration for the CGMS or glucometer versus the concentration for the reference method, although the correlation coefficients were not significantly different. Mean ± SD area under the curve for the glucose concentration (AUCG) did not differ significantly between lean (14.0 ± 0.5 g/dL•h) and obese (15.2 + 0.5 g/dL•h) cats during the 156-hour period, but one of the obese cats had a much higher AUCG. Within-day glucose variability was small in both lean and obese cats. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Glucose homeostasis was maintained, even in long-term obese cats, and intraday glucose fluctuations were small. One obese cat might have been classified as prediabetic on the basis of the AUCG, which was approximately 25% higher than that of the other obese and lean cats. The CGMS can be useful in the evaluation of long-term effects of drugs or diet on glucose homeostasis in cats.
  • Author:
    Rinehart CL; Jolie RA; Zimmerman AD; Buterbaugh RE; Chase CCL
    Title:
    The authors respond.
    Source:
    Am J Vet Res 73 (7), 929 (2012)
  • Author:
    Clark M; Thomaseth K; Heit M; Hoenig M
    Title:
    Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of protamine zinc recombinant human insulin in healthy dogs.
    Source:
    J Vet Pharmacol Ther 35 (4), 342-350 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Protamine zinc insulins are generally considered to be long acting, with slow absorption from subcutaneous tissue. Protamine zinc recombinant human insulin (PZIR) may be useful to treat diabetic dogs. The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PZIR in dogs. PZIR was administered subcutaneously to 10 healthy Beagles using an incomplete crossover design, at doses of 0.3 or 0.5U/kg (each n=5), 0.8U/kg (n=10), or 0.8U/kg at three separate sites (n=6). Insulin and glucose concentrations were measured over 24h. The shapes of insulin and glucose curves were variable among dogs, and the relationship between insulin dose, concentration, and glucose-lowering effect was nonlinear. For single-site 0.8U/kg, median (range) onset of action was 3.5h (0.5-10h), time to glucose nadir was 14h (5 to >24h), and duration of action was >24h (16 to >24h). Mathematical model predictions of times to 50% and 90% insulin absorption, and fraction of insulin absorbed in 24h, were not significantly different among protocols. Results confirm the tendency toward a late onset and long duration of action for PZIR in dogs. This insulin may be an alternative treatment option for diabetic dogs.
  • Author:
    Silley P; Goby L; Pillar CM
    Title:
    Susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci to a kanamycin and cefalexin combination.
    Source:
    J Dairy Sci 95 (6), 3448-3453 (2012)
    Abstract:
    A combination of kanamycin and cefalexin was licensed in Europe in 2008 to treat bovine clinical mastitis. Preliminary broth and disk clinical breakpoints for this antibiotic combination have been proposed for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli. This study indicates that these proposed breakpoints also hold for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), a group of bacteria frequently isolated in milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis. The data show that clinical bovine mastitis isolates of CNS from Europe have a high degree of susceptibility to the kanamycin/cefalexin combination, with minimal resistance to either agent alone. The use of the available kanamycin and cefalexin combination disk for testing the susceptibility of bovine mastitis isolates of Staph. aureus, Strep. uberis, Strep. dysgalactiae, and E. coli is also reliable for use in the testing of CNS, as disk results correlated with broth minimum inhibitory concentrations. The study reports, for the first time, the approved Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute quality control ranges for the kanamycin/cefalexin combination and wild-type cutoff values for major bacterial pathogens implicated in bovine mastitis.
  • Author:
    Cernicchiaro N; White BJ; Renter DG; Babcock AH; Kelly L; Slattery R
    Title:
    Effects of body weight loss during transit from sale barns to commercial feedlots on health and performance in feeder cattle cohorts arriving to feedlots from 2000 to 2008.
    Source:
    J Anim Sci 90 (6), 1940-1947 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Body weight loss during transport or shrink (SHK) is a common occurrence in feeder cattle that results from a physiological, complex process. Previous studies have assessed the effects of environmental and dietary stressors on transport-associated BW loss; however, data on associations between shrink and subsequent health and performance parameters in feeder cattle are limited. Operational data from 13 U.S. commercial feedlots (n = 16,590 cattle cohorts) were used to quantify how SHK was associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) morbidity and overall mortality risks, HCW and ADG in feeder cattle cohorts arriving to feedlots during 2000 to 2008. Multivariable mixed-effects negative binomial and linear regression models were employed to determine these associations while accounting for other cohort-level demographic variables. The median SHK among the study cohorts was 3.0% with a mean (± SEM) of 2.4 ± 0.02%. The mean (± SEM) cumulative BRD morbidity was 10.0% ± 0.09% (median = 5.8%; range 0 to 100%) and the mean (± SEM) overall cumulative mortality was 1.3% ± 0.01% (median = 0.9%; range: 0 to 25.6%). The mean and median number of days on feed of cohorts experiencing initial BRD cases was 143 and 150 d (range = 23 to 288 d). The effects of SHK were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with BRD morbidity, overall mortality, HCW and ADG, and these effects were significantly (P < 0.05) modified by gender, season and mean arrival BW of the cohort. Combining data on BW loss during transport with cohort demographics could allow a more precise prediction of health and performance of feedlot cattle. © 2012 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. Reaxys Database Information
  • Author:
    Johston L; Narbe R
    Title:
    Preferential accumulation of meloxicam in inflamed synovial joints in dogs
    Source:
    Kleintierpraxis 57 (9), 475-476 (2012)
    Abstract:
    -
  • Author:
    Oetzel G R; Miller B E
    Title:
    Effect of oral calcium bolus supplementation on early-lactation health and milk yield in commercial dairy herds
    Source:
    J Dairy Sci 95 (12), 7051-7065 (2012)
    Abstract:
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with oral Ca boluses after calving on early-lactation health and milk yield. Cows in their second lactation or greater (n = 927) from 2 large dairies in Wisconsin were enrolled during the summer of 2010. Both herds were fed supplemental anions during the prefresh period and less than 1% of fresh cows were treated for clinical milk fever. Cows were scored before calving for lameness and body condition, and then randomly assigned to either a control group or an oral Ca bolus-supplemented group. Control cows received no oral Ca boluses around calving. Cows in the oral Ca bolus group received 2 oral Ca boluses (Bovikalc, Boehringer Ingelheim, St. Joseph, MO), one bolus 0 to 2 h after calving and the second 8 to 35 h after calving. The oral Ca bolus administration schedule allowed fresh cows to be restrained in headlocks only once daily. Whole-blood samples were collected immediately before the second oral Ca bolus was given and were analyzed for ionized Ca (Ca 2+) concentration. Early-lactation health events were recorded and summed for each cow. Only 6 cases (0.6% of calvings) of clinical milk fever occurred during the trial, and only 14% of cows tested were hypocalcemic (Ca 2+ less than 1.0 mmol/L) at 8 to 35 h after calving. Mean Ca 2+ concentrations were not different between the control and oral Ca bolus-supplemented groups. Blood samples from the cows given oral Ca boluses were collected an average of 20.6 h after administration of the first bolus. Subpopulations of cows with significant responses to oral Ca bolus supplementation were identified based on significant interactions between oral Ca bolus supplementation and covariates in mixed multiple regression models. Lame cows supplemented with oral Ca boluses averaged 0.34 fewer health events in the first 30 d in milk compared with lame cows that were not supplemented with oral Ca boluses. Cows with a higher previous lactation mature-equivalent milk production (greater than 105% of herd rank) and supplemented with oral Ca boluses produced 2.9 kg more milk at their first test after calving compared with cows with higher previous lactation milk yields that were not supplemented. Results of this study indicate that lame cows and higher producing cows responded favorably to supplementation with oral Ca boluses. Supplementing targeted subpopulations of cows with oral Ca boluses was beneficial even for dairies with a very low incidence of hypocalcemia. © 2012 American Dairy Science Association.
  • Author:
    Francis AJ; Johnson MJS; Culshaw GC; Corcoran BM; Martin MWS; French AT
    Title:
    Reply
    Source:
    J Small Anim Pract 53 (5), 306-309 (2012)
  • Author:
    Rinehart CL; Zimmerman AD; Buterbaugh RE; Jolie RA; Chase CCL
    Title:
    Efficacy of vaccination of cattle with the leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajinto component of a pentavalent leptospira bacterin against experimental challenge with leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis.
    Source:
    Am J Vet Res 73 (5), 735-740 (2012)
  • Author:
    Goodell G M; Campbell J; Hoejvang-Nielsen L
    Title:
    An alkalinizing oral rehydration solution containing lecithin-coated citrus fiber is superior to a nonalkalinizing solution in treating 360 calves with naturally acquired diarrhea
    Source:
    J Dairy Sci Article in Press (2012)
    Abstract:
    The aim of this field study was to compare the efficacy and cost of 2 commercially available oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solutions in treating dairy calves with naturally acquired diarrhea. A total of 1,349 newborn Holstein-Friesian calves were prospectively enrolled in the study. Calves were housed in individual hutches and fed a mixture of pasteurized hospital milk and an all-milk protein milk replacer twice per day. Calves were monitored twice each day from d 2 of life until 30 d of age for the presence or absence of diarrhea, and were assigned a fecal score and a hydration score at each examination. Calves that developed mild to severe diarrhea that did not need intravenous fluids and did not have clinical evidence of concurrent disease (n = 360) were assigned randomly to receive 1 of 2 commercial ORT solutions: a hypertonic alkalinizing ORT containing lecithin-coated citrus fibers (Diaque, group D, n = 180; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany), and an isotonic nonalkalinizing ORT (RE-SORB, group R, n = 180; Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) for 2 to 8 d; the duration of treatment depended on whether diarrhea was still present. No significant differences were observed in mortality rates or treatment failure rates between the 2 treatment groups. Fecal consistency returned to normal more quickly in group D calves than in group R calves; consequently, group D calves were treated for 1 d less than were group R calves. The increase in body weight after 4 d of treatment was larger in group D than in group R. The average daily gain from birth to weaning in calves that did not develop concurrent disease (such as pneumonia) during the study period tended to be higher in group D calves (0.53 ± 0.11 kg/d) than in group R calves (0.51 ± 0.09 kg/d). The smaller number of treatments at a lower cost per treatment produced a cost advantage of $4.82 per treated calf in group D calves compared with group R calves. Our findings support the concept that milk should continue to be fed to diarrheic calves that are being administered an ORT solution in order to maintain growth. © 2012 American Dairy Science Association.
  • Author:
    Baker S R; Mondaca E; Poison D; Dee SA
    Title:
    Evaluation of a needle-free injection device to prevent hematogenous transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.
    Source:
    J Swine Health Prod 20 (3), 123-128 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To evaluate the ability of a needle-free injection device (NFID) to prevent hematogenous transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Materials and methods: Eighty-eight 5-week-old gilts from a PRRSV-negative source were organized into five groups and individually housed by group in isolation rooms (four replicate trials, 22 pigs per trial). On Day 0, pigs in Group 1 (PRRSV source population) were inoculated with PRRSV isolate MN-184, and pigs in Group 4 (shaminoculated group) were inoculated with virus-free medium. On Days 4, 5, and 6 post inoculation, each pig in Groups 1, 2, and 3 was vaccinated with a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin using the needle-syringe and the NFID. First, a needle-syringe and NFID were both used to vaccinate pigs in Group 1, and then the same needle-syringe and NFID were used to vaccinate pigs in Group 2 (needle-syringe) and Group 3 (NFID), respectively. Results: On Day 11, all pigs in Group 2 tested positive for PRRSV RNA, suggesting that transmission of PRRSV had occurred between Groups 1 and 2 by repeated use of the same needle. On Day 21, all pigs in one replicate of Group 3 tested positive for PRRSV RNA, suggesting that transmission of PRRSV had occurred between Groups 1 and 3 by repeated use of the same NFID. Implications: Under the conditions of this study, hematogenous transmission of PRRSV can occur from infected pigs to susceptible pigs via repeated use of the same needle, and use of NFIDs does not prevent hematogenous transmission of PRRSV.
  • Author:
    Dee S; Cano J P; Spronk G; Reicks D; Ruen P; Pitkin A; Polson D
    Title:
    Evaluation of the long-term effect of air filtration on the occurrence of new PRRSV infections in large breeding herds in swine-dense regions.
    Source:
    Viruses 4 (5), 654-662 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a risk factor for the infection of susceptible populations. Therefore, a long-term sustainability study of air filtration as a means to reduce this risk was conducted. Participating herds (n = 38) were organized into 4 independent cohorts and the effect of air filtration on the occurrence of new PRRSV infections was analyzed at 3 different levels from September 2008 to January 2012 including the likelihood of infection in contemporary filtered and non-filtered herds, the likelihood of infection before and after implementation of filtration and the time to failure in filtered and non-filtered herds. Results indicated that new PRRSV infections in filtered breeding herds were significantly lower than in contemporary non-filtered control herds (P < 0.01), the odds for a new PRRSV infection in breeding herds before filtration was 7.97 times higher than the odds after filtration was initiated (P < 0.01) and the median time to new PRRSV infections in filtered breeding herds of 30 months was significantly longer than the 11 months observed in non-filtered herds (P < 0.01). In conclusion, across all 3 levels of analysis, the long-term effect of air filtration on reducing the occurrence of new PRRSV infections in the study population was demonstrated. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
  • Author:
    Kukushkin S; Okovytaya T
    Title:
    Seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2 in commercial pig farms in Russia ( Short Survey )
    Source:
    Vet Rec 171 (5), 126 (2012)
    Abstract:
    no abstract available
  • Author:
    Daniel Givens D; Marley M S D; Jones C A; Ensley D T; Galik P K; Zhang Y; Riddell K P; Joiner K S; Brodersen B W; Rodning S P
    Title:
    Protective effects against abortion and fetal infection following exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 during pregnancy in beef heifers that received two doses of a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine prior to breeding
    Source:
    J Am Vet Med Assoc 241 (4), 484-495 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Objective-To determine whether administration of 2 doses of a multivalent, modified-live virus vaccine prior to breeding of heifers would provide protection against abortion and fetal infection following exposure of pregnant heifers to cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and cattle with acute bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) infection. Design-Randomized controlled clinical trial. Animals-33 crossbred beef heifers, 3 steers, 6 bulls, and 25 calves. Procedures-20 of 22 vaccinated and 10 of 11 unvaccinated heifers became pregnant and were commingled with 3 steers PI with BVDV type 1a, 1b, or 2 for 56 days beginning 102 days after the second vaccination (administered 30 days after the first vaccination). Eighty days following removal of BVDV-PI steers, heifers were commingled with 3 bulls with acute BHV1 infection for 14 days. Results-After BVDV exposure, 1 fetus (not evaluated) was aborted by a vaccinated heifer; BVDV was detected in 0 of 19 calves from vaccinated heifers and in all 4 fetuses (aborted after BHV1 exposure) and 6 calves from unvaccinated heifers. Bovine herpesvirus 1 was not detected in any fetus or calf and associated fetal membranes in either treatment group. Vaccinated heifers had longer gestation periods and calves with greater birth weights, weaning weights, average daily gains, and market value at weaning, compared with those for calves born to unvaccinated heifers. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Prebreeding administration of a modified-live virus vaccine to heifers resulted in fewer abortions and BVDV-PI offspring and improved growth and increased market value of weaned calves.
  • Author:
    Goutalier J; Combeau S; Quillon JP; Goby L
    Title:
    Distribution of cefalexin and kanamycin in the mammary tissue following intramammary administration in lactating cow.
    Source:
    J Vet Pharmacol Ther Article in Press (2012)
  • Author:
    Ferris NP; Clavijo A; Yang M; Velazquez-Salinas L; Nordengrahn A; Hutchings GH; Kristersson T; Merza M
    Title:
    Development and laboratory evaluation of two lateral flow devices for the detection of vesicular stromatitis virus in clinical samples.
    Source:
    J Virol Methods 180 (1-2), 96-100 (2012)
  • Author:
    Mainau E; Ruiz-De-La-Torre JL; Dalmau A; Salleras JM; Manteca X
    Title:
    Effect of meloxicam (Metacam) on post-farrowing sow behaviour and piglet performance.
    Source:
    Animal 6 (3), 494-501 (2012)
  • Author:
    Scott-Moncrieff JCR; Moore GE; Coe J; Lynn RC; Gwin W; Petzold R
    Title:
    Characteristics of commercally manufactured and compounded protamine zinc insulin.
    Source:
    J Am Vet Med Assoc 240 (5), 600-605 (2012)
  • Author:
    Johnston L; Narbe R
    Title:
    Preferential accumulation of meloxicam in inflamed synovial joints of dogs.
    Source:
    Vet Rec 170 (8), 207a (2012)
  • Author:
    White BJ; Anderson DE; Renter DG; Larson RL; Mosier DA; Kelly LL; Theurer ME; Robert BD; Walz ML
    Title:
    Clinical behavioral and pulmonary changes in calves following inoculation with Mycoplasma bovis.
    Source:
    Am J Vet Res 73 (4), 490-497 (2012)
  • Author:
    Lynne AM; Kariyaewasam S; Wannemuehler Y; Johnson TJ; Johnson SJ; Sinha AS; Lynne DK; Moon HW; Jordan DM; Logue CM; Foley SL; Nolan LK
    Title:
    Recombinant iss as a potential vaccine for avian colibacillosis.
    Source:
    Avian Dis 56 (1), 192-199 (2012)
  • Author:
    Ebner T; Schaenzle G; Weber W; Sent U; Elliott J
    Title:
    In vitro glucuronidation of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist telmisartan in the cat: A comparison with other species.
    Source:
    J Vet Pharmacol Ther Article in Press (2012)
  • Author:
    Doomenbal E; Ingwersen W; Cloutier G
    Title:
    Feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus in Canada - A comment
    Source:
    Can Vet J 53 (1), 9-10 (2012)
  • Author:
    Mainau E; Ruiz-de-la-Torre JL; Dalmau A; Salleras JM; Manteca X
    Title:
    Effects of meloxicam (Metacam) on post-farrowing sow behaviour and piglet performance.
    Source:
    Animal 6 (3), 494-501 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Farrowing is an intrinsically risky process for both the sow and the piglets that can cause welfare and economic problems. The effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam on post-farrowing behaviour of sows, and the performance of piglets were investigated. A total of 48 sows were randomly allocated at the day of farrowing (day 0) into two homogeneous groups regarding parity, and treated with either meloxicam or saline solution as placebo. For each sow, number of position changes, total time lying and standing or sitting, feed intake and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded during 3 days after farrowing. Piglets were individually weighed at farrowing and at weaning. The number of position changes did not show significant differences between treatments (P = 0.79). Sows spent significantly less time lying during day +3 after farrowing in the meloxicam group than in the placebo group (P = 0.04). Feed intake and RT showed a parity effect (P < 0.001 in both cases); however, no treatment effect was observed (P = 0.67 and P = 0.47, respectively). Pre-weaning mortality rate in piglets was not affected by treatment. In litters from multiparous sows, piglets of low birth weight (defined as percentile 15: BW <1180 g) had an average daily gain significantly higher in the meloxicam group than in the placebo group (196.6 ± 7.2 v. 166.6 ± 9.1 g/day; P = 0.03). Although the administration of meloxicam 90 min after farrowing showed a positive effect on the total time lying of the sows, additional investigations are required to better qualify relevant indicators of pain following farrowing in sows and to specify the analgesic effects of meloxicam on piglet performance.
  • Author:
    Johnston L; Narbe R
    Title:
    Preferential accumulation of meloxicam in inflamed synovial joints of dogs.
    Source:
    Vet Rec Article in Press (2011)
  • Author:
    Morales-Erasto V; Garcia-Sanchez A; Salgado-Mirinda C; Talavera-Rojas M; Robles-Gonzalez F; Blackall PJ; Soriano-Vargas E
    Title:
    ERIC-PCR genotyping of emergent serovar C-1 isolates of avibacterium paragallinarum from Mexico.
    Source:
    Avian Dis 55 (4), 686-688 (2011)
  • Author:
    Stoeckel K; Fuhrmann H; Bachmann L; Nielsen LH
    Title:
    Fatty acid patterns of dog erythrocyte membranes after feeding of a fish-oil based DHA-rich supplement with a base diet low in n-3 fatty acids versus a diet containing added n-3 fatty acids.
    Source:
    Acta Vet Scand 53 (2011)
  • Author:
    Csank T; Pistl J; Pollakova J; Holoda E; Harvan M
    Title:
    Prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 infection in pig population in Slovakia.
    Source:
    Acta Virol 55 (3), 267-271 (2011)
    Abstract:
    The prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) infection in the pig population in Slovakia was investigated. Sera from pigs suspected for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) as well as clinically healthy pigs were tested for viral DNA and specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Pigs (n = 198) were categorized to weaning, grower and fattening ones and sows. The results showed that PCV-2 antibodies were present in 53.4% of PMWS-suspects, in 50.0% of healthy pigs and in 69.0% of sows. In PMWS-suspect grower pigs, 40.7% were positive for IgM+IgG antibodies and 22.2% for viral DNA. In PMWS-suspect fattening pigs, 50.0% were positive for IgM+IgG antibodies and 25.0% for viral DNA. In healthy fattening pigs, almost 90.0% were positive for IgG antibodies and 38.5% for viral DNA. The highest proportion of PMWS-suspects was in grower pigs and specific antibodies were increasing with the age of pigs. A combination of positivities for IgG+IgM antibodies and viral DNA was a highly significant marker of PMWS. Viral DNA was detected in seropositive as well as seronegative PMWS-suspects. Overall, in all categories of pigs tested, specific antibodies and viral DNA were detected in 54.0% and 35.5%, respectively.
  • Author:
    Sanchez-Vazquez MJ; Strachan WD; Armstrong D; Nielen M; Gunn GJ
    Title:
    The british pig health schemes: integrated systems for large-scale pig abbatoir lession monitoring.
    Source:
    Vet Rec 169 (16), P413-NIL-93 (2011)
  • Author:
    Hess TJ; Parker DS; Hassall AJ; Chiang YW
    Title:
    Evaluation on efficacy of oral administration of bordetella bronchiseptica intranasal vaccine when used to protect puppies from tracheobronchitis due to B bronchiseptica infection.
    Source:
    Int J Appl Res Vet Med 9 (3), 300-305 (2011)
  • Author:
    Kariyawasam S; Strait E; Jordan D; Kroll J
    Title:
    Development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of actinobacillus suis in porcine lung.
    Source:
    J Vet Diagn Invest 23 (5), 885-889 (2011)
  • Author:
    Gonzalez-Martin JV; Elvira L; Cervifio Lopez M; Perez Villalobos N; Calvo Lopez-Guerrero E; Astiz S
    Title:
    Reducing antibiotic use: Selective metaphylaxis with florfenicol in commercial feedlots.
    Source:
    Livest Sci 141 (2-3), 173-181 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the main disease in beef production. Mass antibiotic treatment of high-risk calves at feedlot entry, a practice called metaphylaxis, is one of the most common tools to fight this disease. However, there is a growing tendency to minimize the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals.To develop a clinically based use of antibiotics, two experiments evaluated selective metaphylaxis with florfenicol (Nuflor®, Intervet-Schering-Plough S.A., Boxmeer, Holland) administered to calves with a rectal temperature = 39.7. °C (HT-calves).In the first experiment, 287 calves at high risk for BRD were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups in a multi-site study: HT-calves with florfenicol metaphylaxis (FHT), HT-calves without metaphylaxis (CHT), calves with a rectal temperature < 39.7. °C (LT-calves) with florfenicol metaphylaxis (FLT), and LT-calves without metaphylaxis (CLT). BRD incidence, average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed intake were recorded for 30 days. Respiratory symptoms were recorded in control calves to identify possible criteria to guide selective metaphylaxis.In the second experiment, 114 high-risk calves were randomly allocated to two groups: in the FSM group, selective metaphylaxis with florfenicol. 33Nuflor®, Intervet Schering-Plough AH. was carried out in calves with a rectal temperature = 39.7. °C (10/57 calves, 17.5%); in the TMM group, mass metaphylaxis with tulathromycine. 44Draxxin®, Pfizer AH. was carried out on all calves. BRD incidence, ADG, feed conversion, dressing percentage and lung lesions were monitored until slaughter. In the first experiment, we found no significant difference between FLT and CLT calves in BRD incidence (21.4% vs. 27.7%; P = 0.33) or ADG (1.16 vs. 1.21 kg/day; P = 0.46), or between FHT and CHT calves in BRD incidence (36.6% vs. 52.6; P = 0.24) or ADG (1.02 vs. 0.99; P = 0.83). Of all the clinical characteristics measured, only rectal temperature = 39.7. °C was found to be significantly useful (P = 0.02) as a selection criterion for metaphylaxis.In the second experiment, no significant differences were found between FSM and TMM groups in BRD incidence (24.6 vs. 28.1%; P = 0.67), ADG (1.29 ± 0.17 vs. 1.34 ± 0.18 kg/day; P = 0.57), feed conversion (5.35 ± 0.36 vs. 5.34 ± 0.27 kg; P = 0.96), dressing percentage (48.61 vs. 49.30%; P = 0.19), or lung lesions (38.6 vs. 36.4%; P = 0.83). In addition, no BRD-associated mortality was observed, and only 1.69% of TMM calves developed chronic disease.Under our study conditions, selective metaphylaxis with florfenicol based on rectal temperature was associated with lower drug-related costs, less antibiotic use, and less intensive handling of calves than was mass metaphylaxis.
  • Author:
    Deitmer J
    Title:
    4th international Boehringer Ingelheim expert forum: "Think Animal" - the animal understands better.
    Source:
    Prakt Tierarzt 92 (10), 930-931 (2011)
  • Author:
    Morales-Erasto V; Garcia-Sanchez A; Salgado-Miranda C; Talavera-Rojas M; Robles-Gonzalez F; Blacksall PJ; Soriano-Vargas E
    Title:
    ERIC-PCR genotyping of emergent serovar C-1 isolates of avibacterium paragallinarum from Mexico.
    Source:
    Avian Dis 55 (4), 686-688 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Between 2008 and 2010, 14 isolates of Avibacterium paragallinarum were identified as serovar C-1 in Mexico. All isolates were obtained from commercial laying hens suffering infectious coryza despite a history of vaccination. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-based PCR genotyping showed that all isolates had a common pattern. Until recently, serovars A-1, A-2, B-1, and C-2 were the serovars prevalent in Mexico. Serovar C-1 has been identified in Japan and recently in the Americas in Ecuador. Our current study suggests that Av. paragallinarum serovar C-1 is an emerging serovar in Mexico. Our results also indicate that the Mexican isolates of Av. paragallinarum serovar C-1 may have a clonal relationship. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of Av. paragallinarum may be of value in understanding vaccine performance and identifying the best combination to achieve broader protection.
  • Author:
    Linhares DCL; Cano JP; Wetzell T; Nerem J; Toremorell M; Dee SA
    Title:
    Effect of modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRERSv) vaccine on the shedding of wildtype virus from an infected population of growing pigs.
    Source:
    Vaccine 30 (2), 407-413 (2012)
    Abstract:
    There are ongoing efforts to eliminate porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) from regions in the United States swine industry. However, an important challenge for the accomplishment of those efforts is the re-infection of pig units due to the area spread of PRRSv. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRRS modified-live virus vaccine (MLV) on viral shedding and on dynamics of PRRSv infection in pig populations raised under commercial conditions. The study composed of two rooms of 1000 pigs each. Ten percent of pigs of each room were inoculated with a field isolate of PRRSv. Rooms had separate air spaces and strict scientifically validated biosecurity protocols were adopted to avoid movement of pathogens between rooms. At 8 and 36. dpi (days post inoculation), all pigs of the challenge-vaccine group were inoculated with a MLV vaccine. Pigs of the challenge-control group were placebo-inoculated. Blood and oral fluid samples were collected from each room at 0, 8, 36, 70, 96 and 118. dpi for PRRSv RNA detection using PCR. PRRSv-antibodies were also screened from blood serum samples with a commercially available ELISA test. Additionally, tonsil scraping samples were collected from both groups at 70, 96 and 118. dpi. Moreover, air samples were collected 6 times per week from 0 to 118. dpi and were tested for PRRSv RNA using qPCR assay. There was no difference in the PRRSv infection dynamics measured as duration and magnitude of viremia and seroconversion. Also, there was no difference in the frequency of tonsil scraping samples PRRSv-positive by PCR. However, the challenge-vaccine group had significantly less PRRSv shed compared to the challenge-control group. The challenge-vaccine group had significant less PRRSv-positive oral fluids at 36. dpi. Moreover, the challenge-vaccine group had significant reduction in the cumulative PRRSv shed in the air.
  • Author:
    Hu H; Roth JP; Estevez CN; Zsak L; Yu Q; Liu B
    Title:
    Generation and evaluation of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing the glycoprotein (G) of avian metapneumovirus subgroup C as a bivalent vaccine in turkeys.
    Source:
    Vaccine 29 (47), 8624-8633 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) can cause serious respiratory diseases in poultry. Vaccination combined with strict biosecurity practices has been the recommendation for controlling both NDV and aMPV diseases in the field. In the present study, an NDV based, LaSota strain recombinant vaccine virus expressing the glycoprotein (G) of aMPV subgroup C (aMPV-C) was generated as a bivalent vaccine using a reverse genetics approach. The recombinant virus, rLS/aMPV-C G was slightly attenuated in vivo, yet maintained similar growth dynamics, cytopathic effects, and virus titers in vitro when compared to the parental LaSota virus. Expression of the aMPV G protein in rLS/aMPV-C G-infected cells was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Vaccination of turkeys with one dose of rLS/aMPV-C G induced moderate aMPV-C-specific immune responses and comparable NDV-specific serum antibody responses to a LaSota vaccination control. Partial protection against pathogenic aMPV-C challenge and complete protection against velogenic NDV challenge was conferred. These results suggest that the LaSota recombinant virus is a safe and effective vaccine vector and that expression of the aMPV-C G protein alone is not sufficient to provide full protection against an aMPV-C infection. Expression of other immunogenic protein(s) of the aMPV-C virus alone or in conjunction with the G protein may be needed to induce a stronger protective immunity against the aMPV-C disease.
  • Author:
    Cardoso M; Schwarz P; Kich JD; Kolb J
    Title:
    Use of an avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella carrier pigs at slaughter.
    Source:
    Vet Rec 169 (21), 553 (2011)
    Abstract:
    This study evaluated the use of an avirulent live Salmonella Choleraesuis vaccine to reduce the seroprevalence and number of Salmonella carrier pigs at slaughter. Seven batches of 500 pigs were included in each of the two study groups: the vaccinated group (VG) that was orally vaccinated and the control group (CG) that received a placebo on the first day of life. The groups were managed in a three-site system and followed up from birth to slaughter. Blood samples (n=378) were collected from each VG and CG to monitor the on-farm seroprevalence in both groups. Mesenteric lymph nodes and blood from animals (n=390) belonging to each group were collected at slaughter. At the first day of life, the seroprevalence in control batches ranged from 77.9 to 96.3 per cent, while in vaccinated batches, it ranged from 66.6 to 92.6 per cent. At weaning (21 days of age), the number of seropositives decreased in both groups (mean of 12 and 3.7 per cent for CG and VG, respectively). At slaughter, batches of VG had a significantly (P<0.0001) lower seroprevalence (46.6 +/- 5 per cent) and isolation of Salmonella from lymph nodes (33.1 +/- 5 per cent) compared with CG batches (79.7 +/- 4 per cent and 59.5 +/- 5 per cent, respectively). The results indicate that administration of a Salmonella choleraesuis-attenuated vaccine on the first day of life decreases Salmonella isolation and seroprevalence in pigs at slaughter.
  • Author:
    Murtaugh MP; Genzow M
    Title:
    Immunological solutions for treatment and prevention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS).
    Source:
    Vaccine 29 (46), 8192-8204 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Vaccination is the principal means used to control and treat porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. An array of PRRS vaccine products is available in various regions of the world. However, despite extensive efforts, little progress has been made to improve efficacy since the first introduction of a live, attenuated vaccine in 1994 in the USA. Key limitations include: (a) uncertainty about the viral targets of protective immunity that prevents a research focus on individual viral structures and proteins, and frustrates efforts to design novel vaccines; (b) inability to establish clear immunological correlates of protection that requires laborious in vivo challenge models for evaluation of protection against challenge; and (c) the great genetic diversity of PRRSV which requires that challenge experiments be interpreted cautiously since it is not possible to predict how immunological protection against one isolate will translate to broadly cross-protective immunity. Economically significant levels of cross-protection that are provided to a variety of field isolates still cannot assure that effective protection will be conferred to isolates that might emerge in the future. In addition to these substantial barriers to new PRRSV vaccine development, there are enormous gaps in our understanding of porcine immunological mechanisms and processes that provide immunity to PRRSV infection and memory responses for long-term protection. Despite these impediments, we should be confident that progress will be made. Sequencing of the swine genome is providing a rich source of primary knowledge of gene structure and transcriptional regulation that is certain to reveal important insights about the mechanisms of anti-PRRSV immunity, and continued efforts to unravel the details of the interaction of PRRSV with pigs will lead to new insights that overcome the current limitations in the field.
  • Author:
    Zelierer Y; Austie B; Driesse M
    Title:
    Positive interaction with cattle improves animal health.
    Source:
    Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 136 (9), 664-665 (2011)
  • Author:
    Westhoff D; Kioes M-C; Orveillon FX; Farnow D; Elbers K; Mueller RS
    Title:
    Treatment of feline dermatophytosis with an inactivated fungal vaccine.
    Source:
    Kleintierpraxis 56 (8), 401-410 (2011)
    Abstract:
    The efficacy of an inactivated vaccine for the treatment of feline dermatophytosis was investigated in a placebocontrolled-double-blind multi-centre GCP study in Europe. 55 client-owned cats with dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes or Microsporum canis, confirmed by fungal culture, were treated with either three intramuscular injections of vaccine or placebo. Treatment was applied as three intramuscular injections of vaccine or placebo every other week. Clinical symptoms were assessed at inclusion, day 14, 28 and 42. The number of lesions was counted and severity was judged based on a scoring system. Efficacy was evaluated for the reduction of the number of lesions as well as for a combined assessment of lesions severity x number of lesions. The primary endpoint was not met for the total population of cats, but was met for cats < one year of age and for cats with a first infection. The vaccine was significantly better than placebo in cats with a first infection (sum of lesions: p = 0.0446; summed score x number: p = 0.0405) and in young cats (sum of lesions: p = 0.0424; summed score x number: p = 0.0304; mean score x number: p = 0.0177). In cats with higher numbers of more severe lesions, the difference between the two treatment groups was more apparent. Severely affected exotic cats also showed an improvement using these parameters. Based on this study, the investigated inactivated vaccine may be considered as part of a treatment protocol to accelerate healing from clinical signs of dermatophytosis in severely affected cats, in young cats and those with a first infection.
  • Author:
    Gowan RA; Lingard AE; Johnston L; Stansen W; Brown SA; Malik R
    Title:
    Retrospective case control study of the effects of long-term dosing with meloxicam on renal function in aged cats with degenerative joint disease.
    Source:
    J Feline Med Surg 13 (10), 752-761 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Medical records (2005-2009) of a feline-only practice were searched for cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD) treated using meloxicam. DJD was diagnosed by the presence of at least two of the following: (i) altered mobility (observed by the owner), (ii) abnormal physical findings, (iii) characteristic radiographic changes. The primary study cohort consisted of cats older than 7 years that had received meloxicam for variable intervals in excess of 6 months, and for which complete records were available. These cats were subdivided according to whether detectable chronic kidney disease (CKD) was present ('renal group'), or not ('non-renal group'), and, for the 'renal group', according to the cat's IRIS category. Serum biochemistry, urinalysis (including urine specific gravity [USG]), body mass and condition score were monitored regularly. Progression of CKD in the 'renal group' and 'non-renal group' of cats was compared to two groups of age- and IRIS-matched control cats not receiving meloxicam (from the same clinic, over the same time period). The study was thus a case-control design, with two study groups. Thirty-eight cats with DJD receiving long-term meloxicam therapy met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 22 cats had stable CKD at the start of treatment (stage 1, eight cats; stage 2, 13 cats; stage 3, one cat). No cats initially had an elevated urinary protein to creatinine ratio. The remaining 16 cats initially had normal renal analytes and adequately concentrated urine. The median age of the 'renal' and 'non-renal' meloxicam groups was 15.5 and 13.4 years, respectively. The median treatment duration was 467 days in the 'renal group' and 327 days in the 'non-renal group'. After titration (to the lowest effective dose), the median maintenance dose was 0.02 mg/kg/day in both groups (range 0.015-0.033 mg/kg/day). There was no difference in sequential serum creatinine concentration or USG measurements between the 'non-renal group' treated with meloxicam compared to control cats not treated with meloxicam. There was less progression of renal disease in the 'renal group' treated with meloxicam compared to the age- and IRIS-matched cats with CKD not given meloxicam. These results suggest that a long-term maintenance dose of 0.02 mg/kg of meloxicam can be safely administered to cats older than 7 years even if they have CKD, provided their overall clinical status is stable. Long-term meloxicam therapy may slow the progression of renal disease in some cats suffering from both CKD and DJD. Prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.
  • Author:
    Deitmer R; Klien K; Adam M
    Title:
    The effects of cessation of ileitis vaccination on performance parameters and anibiotic use.
    Source:
    Prakt Tierarzt 92 (6), 510-515 (2011)
    Abstract:
    The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of vaccination against ileitis on production parameters and economic benefit during the fattening period based on an extensive data set of 23 000 records of fattening pigs belonging to 43 fattening groups. Performance parameters such as average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality were analysed as well as the amount of oral antibiotics used. Sequential data from groups of fattening pigs vaccinated against Lawsonia intracellularis were compared to data from groups of non-vaccinated pigs. The non-vaccinated pigs were treated with an antibiotic which is registered for treatment against ileitis (tylosin) if required. The use of antibiotics was permitted in the vaccinated groups but was not necessary. During the entire evaluation period neither the genetics of the pigs nor the management was changed. Following cessation of the ileitis vaccination significant decreases were observed in average daily gain (by 31 g, p = 0,002). The feed conversion ratio was significantly worse in the non-vaccinated groups (2,80 kg/kg and 2,96 kg/kg, p = 0,009). Numerical differences (not statistically significant) were observed looking at the mortality rate (from 3.15 % in the vaccinated group and 3.31 % in the non-vaccinated group). In addition, the amount of oral antibiotics (tylosin) used increased significantly to 2.56 kg (p <0,0001) per fattening group whereas no oral antibiotic treatment was required in the vaccinated groups. Therefore the level of production parameters of the non-vaccinated pigs represents the level achievable with antibiotic therapy; production parameters are likely to have been worse in a non-vaccinated, non-treated control group. The worsening of production parameters which was not compensated by the antibiotic treatment resulted in a reduction of the economic result of 4.06 Euro per pig (vaccine costs not included). This study, performed under field conditions, demonstrates that the implementation of vaccination is an economically very beneficial treatment strategy in farms with endemic pathogens since the development of damaging lesions caused by the pathogen is prevented. Furthermore vaccination programmes are very effective in reducing the dependence on control involving wide scale antibiotic use. The removal of vaccination programs for pathogens which affect animal health and the biological performance of pigs and which have on-farm prevalences of nearly 100 % such as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, PCV2 or L. intracellularis, is linked to economic losses which can not be compensated by antibiotics.
  • Author:
    Desrosiers R
    Title:
    Transmission of swine pathogens: different means, different needs.
    Source:
    Anim Health Res Rev 12 (1), 1-13 (2011)
    Abstract:
    There seems to be two main types of pathogens that cause diseases in swine: those that are mainly introduced through direct pig contacts, and those that are often, and in some situations mainly introduced by indirect transmission means. In this review, the mange mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), toxigenic Pasteurella multocida and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae will be used as examples of the first type, and foot and mouth disease virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus as examples of the second. It is now clear from various epidemiological studies as well as experimental and field data that aerosol transmission of some swine pathogens plays an important role in their epidemiology. As previous biosecurity programs did not take this factor into consideration, it can at least partially explain why many of these programs suffered frequent failures and why air filtration is now becoming increasingly popular in North America. Identifying and quantifying transmission means should be a priority for every important infectious disease for which it has not been done.
  • Author:
    Zois NE; Moesgaard SG; Kjelgaard-Hansen M; Rasmussen CE; Falk T; Fossing C; Haeggstroem J; Pedersen HD; Olsen LH
    Title:
    Circulating cytokine concentrations in dogs with different degrees of myxomatous mitral valve disease.
    Source:
    Vet J (Lond) 192 (1), 106-111 (2012)
    Abstract:
    Cytokines have been associated with the progression of congestive heart failure (CHF) in humans and may be implicated in the pathophysiology of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs. The aim of this study was to determine the serum concentrations of cytokines in dogs with MMVD. The study included 16 Cairn terriers with no or minimal mitral regurgitation (MR), 41 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with different degrees of MR and 11 dogs of different breeds with CHF due to MMVD. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-?, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, interferon-?-induced protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured using a canine-specific multiplex immunoassay. CHF dogs had significantly higher MCP-1 concentrations than dogs with no or minimal MR. Among the CKCS, IL-2 and IL-7 decreased with increasing left atrial size and IL-7 also decreased with increasing MR. IL-8 decreased with increasing left ventricular end-systolic internal dimensions. MCP-1 was increased in CHF dogs compared to healthy control dogs and IL-2, IL-7 and IL-8 decreased with increasing indices of disease severity. The results suggest a role for these cytokines in canine MMVD and CHF.
  • Author:
    Carroll GL; Narbe R; Kerwin SC; Taylor L; Peterson K; Hartsfield SM
    Title:
    Dose range finding study for the efficacy of meloxicam administered prior to sodium urate-induced synovitis in cats.
    Source:
    Vet Anaesth Analg 38 (4), 394-406 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Objective To determine the lowest efficacious dose of oral meloxicam for relieving pain in cats with a sodium urate (SU)-induced acute inflammatory synovitis. Study design Randomized, blinded, controlled, and four-way crossover study. Animals Eight surgically neutered cats (four males, four females) paired according to sex. Methods Each pair of cats was treated with 0 (placebo), 0.025, 0.05, or 0.075mgkg-1 oral meloxicam once daily for 4days prior to injection, into alternating stifles, of 1mL of 20mgmL-1 SU crystals, beginning with the right stifle. Each cat received each of the four treatments, separated by at least 21days. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated based on objective (e.g., pressure mat data total force, contact pressure, and contact area) and subjective (e.g., scores for Analgesia Scale [AS], Lameness Scale [LS], and Visual Analog Scale [VAS]) outcome measures for pain assessment. All outcome measures were recorded before and during 30hours after SU injection. The pre-defined primary outcome measure was the area under the response-time curve (AUC0-30 hours) of the total force of the injected limb. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. A sequential test procedure was applied and the test sequence stopped in case of a nonsignificant result. Results Meloxicam at doses of 0.05 and 0.075 mgkg-1 day-1 PO was significantly different from placebo for the pre-defined primary outcome measure (i.e., AUC0-30 hours of total force). All tested meloxicam doses were lower than placebo for the subjective outcome measures (i.e., AUC0-30 hours of AS, LS, and VAS). Conclusions and clinical relevance The lowest efficacious dose of meloxicam for relieving pain in cats with an SU-induced synovitis was 0.05 mg kg-1 day-1 PO according to the pre-defined primary outcome measure. However, lower doses may also be effective as seen in the subjective outcome measures.
  • Author:
    Heller P; Schagemann G; Schroeder C; Stampa E; Ohlinger V; Wendt M
    Title:
    Elimination of PRRS virus (EU-type) from a farrowto-finish breeding farm by vaccination with Ingelvac PRRS MLV under unfavourable conditions.
    Source:
    Prakt Tierarzt 92 (5), 416-425 (2011)
    Abstract:
    In the course of investigating increased pre-weaning mortality, PRRS virus type 1 (EU-type) was detected in a breeding herd in March 2007. Without interruption of the production, PRRSV elimination was achieved using Ingelvac* PRRS MLV (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Germany) in combination with a strict animal flow management. Numerous factors lead to complications which could be overcome by adapting the vaccination program and biosecurity measures. Despite the introduction of a new field virus (primary infection B) about 9 months after the first infection (primary infection A), no PRRS field virus could be detected any more after a total of 13 months. Vaccine virus was detected in non-vaccinated animals only once together with the detection of the primary infection B in the nursery. Sows were vaccinated continuously at day 60 of every pregnancy until the first non-vaccinated gilts were integrated into the herd (19 months after the primary infection A and 10 months after the primary infection B, respectively). For a period of 7 months following the last vaccination of sows, non-vaccinated animals were monitored for PRRSV specific antibodies and PRRSV genome. After a final herd screening the farm was classified as PRRS "unsuspicious" in July 2009. The new PRRSV infection 9 months after the first one underlined the importance of biosecurity measures as a requirement for a successful PRRSV elimination.
  • Author:
    Holtkamp DJ; Polson DD; Torremorell M; Morrison B; Classen DM; Becton L; Henry S; Rodibaugh MT; Rowland RR; Snelson H; Straw B; Yeske P; Zimmerman J
    Title:
    Terminology for classifying swine herds by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus status.
    Source:
    Tieraerztl Prax (G) 39 (2), 101-112 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Standardized terminology for the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) status of swine herds is necessary to facilitate communication between veterinarians, swine producers, genetic companies, and other industry participants. It is also required for implementation of regional and national efforts towards PRRSV control and elimination. The purpose of this paper is to provide a herd classification system for describing the PRRSV status of herds, based upon a set of definitions reflecting the biology and ecology of PRRSV. The herd classification system was developed by a definitions committee formed jointly by the American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) and the United States Department of Agriculture PRRS-Coordinated Agricultural Project, and was approved by the AASV Board of Directors on March 9, 2010. The committee included veterinarians from private practice and industry, researchers, and representatives from AASV and the National Pork Board. Breeding herds, with or without growing pigs on the same premises, are categorized as Positive Unstable (Category I), Positive Stable (Category II), Provisional Negative (Category III), or Negative (Category IV) on the basis of herd shedding and exposure status. Growing-pig herds are categorized as Positive or Negative. Recommended testing procedures and decision rules for herd classification are detailed.
  • Author:
    Johnston L; Ingwersen W; Narbe R
    Title:
    Determination of meloxicam concentration in synovial fluid of inflamed and non-inflamed joints in dogs.
    Source:
    4th Congress of the European College of Equine Internal Medicine, Hannover (Germany), Feb 04-05, 2011.
  • Author:
    Sanford SE; Young MG; Cunningham GL
    Title:
    Circovirus vaccination in pigs with subclinical porcine circovirus type 2 infection complicated by ileits.
    Source:
    J Swine Health Prod 19 (3), 175-180 (2011)
    Abstract:
    This study demonstrated a clear benefit in vaccinating pigs subclinically infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) with a one-dose PCV2 vaccine. At weaning (3 weeks of age), 1427 pigs were vaccinated and 1431 were sham-inoculated with a placebo (0.9% physiological saline). After 33 days in the nursery, 528 pigs from each treatment group were moved into 48 pens in a commercial finisher barn, ensuring equal age of pigs across both treatments. Each pig was weighed on day 2 in the finisher barn and on day 88 (end of the study period). The vaccinates had a 36-g-per-day advantage in daily gain and 4.6% less mortality than the unvaccinated pigs. More than twice as many vaccinates as unvaccinated pigs (40 versus 16, respectively) were marketed at the first shipment. Furthermore, carcass weight (95.0 kg versus 94.0 kg; P<.05), lean percent (60.52% versus 60.26%; P<.05) and carcass index (111.6 versus 111.1; P<.05) were all greater for the vaccinates. The mean loin depth was 65.1 mm for vaccinates and 63.3 mm for unvaccinated pigs (P<.05). The vaccinated pigs delivered a return on investment of $5.90 per pig over the unvaccinated pigs.
  • Author:
    Huang YM; Harrall KK; Dryman BA; Beach NM; Kenney SP; Opriessnig T; Vaughn EM; Roof MB; Meng XJ
    Title:
    Expression of the putative ORF1 capsid protein of torque teno sus virus 2 (TTSuV2) and development of Western blot and ELISA serodiagnostic assays: Correlation between TTSuV2 viral load and IgG antibody level in pigs.
    Source:
    Virus Res 158 (1-2), 79-88 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Porcine Torque teno virus (TTV) has a single-stranded circular DNA genome and is currently classified into a new genus Iotatorquevirus with two species in a newly established family Anelloviridae. Viral DNA of both porcine TTV species (TTSuV1 and TTSuV2) has a high prevalence in both healthy and diseased pigs worldwide and multiple infections of TTSuV with distinct genotypes or subtypes of the same species has been documented in the United States and in Europe. However, the prevalence of specific TTSuV antibodies in pigs remains unknown. In this study, the putative ORF1 capsid protein from TTSuV2 isolate PTTV2c-VA was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant ORF1 protein was used as the antigen for the development of Western blot and indirect ELISA to detect TTSuV2-specific IgG antibodies in pig sera. The results revealed a relatively high rate of seropositivity to TTSuV2 in conventional pigs from different sources but not in gnotobiotic pigs. Overall, pigs with undetectable TTSuV2 viral load were more likely to have a lower anti-TTSuV2 antibody level. An analysis of 10 conventional pigs during a 2-month period showed that decreased viral loads or presumed virus clearance were associated with elevated anti-ORF1 IgG antibody levels. Interestingly, porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD)-affected pigs had a significantly lower level of TTSuV2 antibody than PCVAD-unaffected pigs (p < 0.01). This is the first study to establish essential serodiagnostic tools for investigation of TTSuV seroprevalence and infection dynamics, which will help elucidate the potential pathogenicity of TTSuV infection in pigs.
  • Author:
    Valli VE; San Myint M; Barthel A; Bienzle D; Casswell J; Colbatzky F; Durham A; Ehrhart EJ; Johnson Y; Jones C; Kiupel M; Labelle P; Lester S; Miller M; Morre P; Moroff S; Roccabianca P; Ramos-Vara J; Ross A; Scase T; Tvedten H; Verna W
    Title:
    Classification of canine malignant lymphomas according to the world health organization criteria.
    Source:
    Vet Pathol 48 (1), 198-211 (2011)
    Abstract:
    A study was carried out to test the accuracy and consistency of veterinary pathologists, not specialists in hematopathology, in applying the World Health Organization (WHO) system of classification of canine lymphomas. This study represents an initiative of the ACVP Oncology Committee, and the classification has been endorsed by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WASVA). Tissue biopsies from cases of canine lymphoma were received from veterinary oncologists, and a study by pathologists given only signalment was carried out on 300 cases. Twenty pathologists reviewed these 300 cases with each required to choose a diagnosis from a list of 43 B and T cell lymphomas. Three of the 20 were hematopathologists who determined the consensus diagnosis for each case. The 17 who formed the test group were experienced but not specialists in hematopathology, and most were diplomates of the American or European Colleges of Veterinary Pathology. The overall accuracy of the 17 pathologists on the 300 cases was 83%. When the analysis was limited to the 6 most common diagnoses, containing 80% of all cases, accuracy rose to 87%. In a test of reproducibility enabled by reintroducing 5% of cases entered under a different identity, the overall agreement between the first and second diagnosis ranged from 40 to 87%. The statistical review included 43,000 data points for each of the 20 pathologists.
  • Author:
    Morton CM; Grant D; Johnston L; Letellier IM; Narbe R
    Title:
    Clinical evaluation ol meloxicam versus ketoprofen in cats suffering from painful acute locomotor disorders.
    Source:
    J Feline Med Surg 13 (4), 237-243 (2011)
    Abstract:
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and palatability of meloxicam 0.5 mg/ml oral suspension, compared to ketoprofen tablets in cats suffering from painful acute locomotor disorders. This single blinded, positively-controlled, randomised, multicentre trial involved 121 client owned cats. Cats received either meloxicam (0.5 mg/ml oral suspension) at 0.1 mg/kg on day 1 followed by 0.05 mg/kg q 24 h on days 2-5, or ketoprofen 5 mg tablets at 1.0 mg/kg q 24 h for 5 days. The efficacy of the two treatments was assessed subjectively by clinicians on day 6 using a clinical sum score (CSS). Palatability and accuracy of dosing were also assessed. The baseline CSS was not significantly different between the groups, and after 5 days of treatment the CSS had decreased to a similar extent, reflecting a reduction in pain. There were no significant differences between the CSS of each group at day 6. Both treatments were well tolerated. Meloxicam was significantly more palatable than ketoprofen, and allowed for more accurate dosing. Meloxicam and ketoprofen are a safe and efficacious treatment for acute locomotor disorders in cats. Meloxicam (Metacam) may be associated with superior compliance in clinical practice due to the higher palatability, which results in better ease of administration.
  • Author:
    Opriessnig T; Madson DM; Roof M; Layton SM; Ramamoorthy S; Meng XJ; Halbur PG
    Title:
    Experimental reproduction of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated enteritis in pigs infected with PCV2 alone or concurrently with lawsonia intracellularis or salmonella typhimurium.
    Source:
    J Comp Pathol 145 (2-3), 261-270 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Porcine circovirus (PCV)-associated disease (PCVAD) has emerged to become one of the most economically important pig diseases globally. One of the less commonly recognized clinical manifestations of PCVAD is PCV2 type 2 (PCV2)-associated enteritis in growing pigs; however, experimental confirmation of the ability of PCV2 alone or PCV2 coinfection with other agent(s) to induce enteritis is lacking. In this study, 120 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were divided randomly into six groups: controls (negative control pigs), PCV2 (inoculated with PCV2), LAW (inoculated with Lawsonia intracellularis), SALM (inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium), PCV2-LAW (concurrently inoculated with PCV2 and Lawsonia intracellularis) and PCV2-SALM (concurrently inoculated with PCV2 and Salmonella typhimurium). One half of the pigs in each group were subject to necropsy examination 14 days postinoculation (dpi) and the remaining pigs were examined at 28 dpi. The average daily weight gain was not different (P > 0.05) between groups. Individual pigs inoculated orally with PCV2 regardless of coinfection status (2/10 PCV2, 1/10 PCV2-LAW, 3/10 PCV2-SALM) developed PCVAD with diarrhoea and reduced weight gain or weight loss between 14 and 28 dpi. Those pigs had characteristic microscopic lesions in lymphoid and enteric tissues associated with abundant PCV2 antigen. Enteric lesions were characterized by necrosuppurative and proliferative enteritis with crypt elongation and epithelial hyperplasia in LAW and PCV2-LAW pigs by 14 dpi, ulcerative and necrosuppurative colitis in SALM and PCV2-SALM pigs by 14 dpi, and lymphohistiocytic enteritis with depletion of Peyer's patches in PCV2, PCV2-SALM and PCV2-LAW pigs by 28 dpi. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report documenting that under experimental conditions, PCV2 can induce enteritis independently from other enteric pathogens and that oral challenge is a potentially important route and perhaps the natural route of PCV2 transmission in growing pigs.
  • Author:
    Fangman TJ; Johnson AK; Okones J; Edler RA
    Title:
    Willingness-to-approach behavior of weaned pigs after injection with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines.
    Source:
    J Swine Health Prod 19 (1), 19-25 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To determine if field observations of reduced pig activity after injecting Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines could be confirmed and quantified by observing willingness to approach (WTA) an observer for 15 seconds. Materials and methods: Three studies were conducted. Two weeks post nursery placement, pigs 17 to 23 days old were evaluated to determine WTA using the Swine Welfare Assurance Program behavioral protocol. Pigs were observed at 4:00 Pm the day before injection and at 4:00 PM 24 hours later, 6 hours post injection. The difference between the two WTA scores is reported as a decrease in percent willing to approach. In Study One, 1832 pigs were vaccinated either with MycoFLEX (R) (36 pens) or RespiSure-ONE (R) (36 pens). In Study Two, 2568 pigs were injected with MycoFLEX (R) (39 pens), RespiSure-ONE (R) (39 pens), or saline (38 pens). In Study Three, 1750 pigs were injected with saline (35 pens) or not injected (35 pens). Results: In Studies One and Two, the decrease in WTA was less for pigs vaccinated with MycoFLEX (R) than with RespiSure-One (R) (Study One, 11.2% versus 26.8%, P < .001; Study Two, 13.5% versus 35.8%, P < .001). In Study Two, the decrease in WTA did not differ between MycoFLEX (R) and saline-injected pigs (P = .22). In Study Three, the WTA did not differ between saline- and non-injected pigs (2.0% versus 6.1%, P = .28). Implication: Willingness to approach a human in a nursery-pen environment may be a sensitive parameter for assessing vaccine reactivity 6 hours post vaccination.
  • Author:
    Holtkamp DJ; Polson DD; Torremorell M; Morrison B; Classen DM; Becton L; Herry S; Rodibaugh MT; Rowland RR; Snelson H; Straw B; Yeske P; Zimmerman J
    Title:
    Terminology for classifying swine herds by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus status.
    Source:
    J Swine Health Prod 19 (1), 44-56 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Standardized terminology for the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) status of swine herds is necessary to facilitate communication between veterinarians, swine producers, genetic companies, and other industry participants. It is also required for implementation of regional and national efforts towards PRRSV control and elimination. The purpose of this paper is to provide a herd classification system for describing the PRRSV status of herds, based upon a set of definitions reflecting the biology and ecology of PRRSV. The herd classification system was developed by a definitions committee formed jointly by the American Association of Swine Veterinarians (AASV) and the United States Department of Agriculture PRRS-Coordinated Agricultural Project, and was approved by the AASV Board of Directors on March 9, 2010. The committee included veterinarians from private practice and industry, researchers, and representatives from AASV and the National Pork Board. Breeding herds, with or without growing pigs on the same premises, are categorized as Positive Unstable (Category I), Positive Stable (Category II), Provisional Negative (Category III), or Negative (Category IV) on the basis of herd shedding and exposure status. Growing-pig herds are categorized as Positive or Negative. Recommended testing procedures and decision rules for herd classification are detailed.
  • Author:
    Maneke F; Pridmore A; Goby L; Lang I
    Title:
    Kill rate of mastitis pathogens by a combination of cefalexin and kanamycin.
    Source:
    J Appl Microbiol 110 (1), 184-190 (2011)
    Abstract:
    Aim: To assess the bacterial killing rate produced by a combination of cefalexin and kanamycin at two different concentration ratios.Methods and Results: Time-kill kinetics of cefalexin and kanamycin, individually and in combination, were determined against one strain each of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis. The combination was tested using two fixed ratios (cefalexin : kanamycin ratios of 1.25 : 1 and 1 : 2.3) and two concentrations of each ratio. Time-kill curves produced with either ratio were quite similar. Against most bacterial species, higher concentrations produced faster kill. In all cases, the combination of cefalexin and kanamycin showed faster and greater kill at lower antibiotic concentrations than those observed with either drug alone.Conclusions: The combination of cefalexin and kanamycin results in a fast initial killing of major mastitis pathogens at both concentration ratios.Significance and Impact of the Study: The combination of cefalexin and kanamycin achieved rapid bacterial kill at concentrations and ratios that can be achieved in vivo following intramammary infusion of a mastitis treatment.
  • Author:
    Bojesen AM; Vazquez ME; Bager RJ; Ifrah D; Gonzalez C; Aarestrup FM
    Title:
    Antimicrobial susceptibility and tetracycline resistance determinant genotyping of Gallibacterium anatis.
    Source:
    Vet Microbiol 148 (1), 105-110 (2011)
    Abstract:
    The present investigation was undertaken to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of a collection of 58 Gallibacterium isolates. All strains were tested by the broth dilution method using the veterinary fastidious medium. A total of 46 field strains were tested, whereof 23 were clinical isolates from 10 Mexican layer flocks and another 23 isolates originated from 13 clinically healthy poultry flocks in Denmark. In addition, 12 Gallibacterium reference strains that had been isolated some 30-40 years ago were included.The 58 strains were tested against 23 compounds of different classes. Multidrug resistance (resistance towards ? three drugs) was observed for 65% of the field strains and only two strains were susceptible to all compounds. Most prominently, resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole was observed in 92% and 97% of the field strains, respectively. For comparison these figures were 67% and 42%, respectively, for the reference strains.Genotyping of tetracycline resistance determinants was performed with primers specific for tet(A-E, H, K-M, O). Strains positive for tet(B), tet(H) and tet(L) were identified, however, in 20 out of 49 tetracycline resistant strains no determinant was identified.This is the first study to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Gallibacterium anatis by MIC revealing that multidrug resistance is very common among G. anatis field isolates. tet(B) was by far the most common determinant identified but future work should aim at identifying the tetracycline resistance determinants in the remaining 41% of strains where no determinant was assigned.
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